Terms
Terms of use
What this material is, what it is not, and the limits of what you should rely on it for.
General information only
Everything published here is general engineering commentary. It is not advice on any specific installation, and it cannot be, because we cannot see your system, your process, your hazards or your procedures.
Applying anything described here to a real plant requires judgement by someone competent who knows that plant. Nothing on this site substitutes for that.
Standards and regulations
Where standards or regulatory requirements are mentioned, the reference is descriptive. Standards are revised, jurisdictions differ, and sector-specific requirements apply. Always work from the current text of the applicable standard and from advice on the requirements that apply to you.
No warranty
This material is provided as it is, without warranty of any kind. We make no representation that it is complete, current or fit for any particular purpose, and we accept no liability for any loss arising from its use, to the extent permitted by applicable law.
No relationship with any vendor
This site is independent. It has no relationship with any control system supplier, integrator or consultancy. It accepts no advertising, sponsorship, guest content or paid placement, and it does not recommend or rank products.
It is also unconnected to any company that previously used this domain name, and it does not supply, support or license any product.
Copyright
The text on this site is original and remains the property of its author. You are welcome to quote short passages with attribution and a link. Republishing whole guides is not permitted.
Standards, and any material published by standards bodies, remain the property of those organisations and are referenced here rather than reproduced.
Availability
This is a small editorial project. No guarantee is given about availability, continuity or the retention of any particular page.
Last reviewed: 2026-07-31